We have collected the most exciting new researches in the field of genetics and cellular research in the past week.
T cell-derived exosomes in tumor immune modulation and immunotherapy
Abstract
Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles secreted by most cells and have a phospholipid bilayer structure. Exosomes contain DNA, small RNA, proteins, and other substances that can carry proteins and nucleic acids and participate in communication between cells. T cells are an indispensable part of adaptive immunity, and the functions of T cell-derived exosomes have been widely studied. In the more than three decades since the discovery of exosomes, several studies have revealed that T cell-derived exosomes play a novel role in cell-to-cell signaling, especially in the tumor immune response. In this review, we discuss the function of exosomes derived from different T cell subsets, explore applications in tumor immunotherapy, and consider the associated challenges.
Leveraging Exosomes as the Next-Generation Bio-Shuttles: The Next Biggest Approach against Th17 Cell Catastrophe
Abstract
In recent years, the launch of clinical-grade exosomes is rising expeditiously, as they represent a new powerful approach for the delivery of advanced therapies and for diagnostic purposes for various diseases. Exosomes are membrane-bound extracellular vesicles that can act as biological messengers between cells, in the context of health and disease. In comparison to several lab-based drug carriers, exosome exhibits high stability, accommodates diverse cargo loads, elicits low immunogenicity and toxicity, and therefore manifests tremendous perspectives in the development of therapeutics. The efforts made to spur exosomes in drugging the untreatable targets are encouraging. Currently, T helper (Th) 17 cells are considered the most prominent factor in the establishment of autoimmunity and several genetic disorders. Current reports have indicated the importance of targeting the development of Th17 cells and the secretion of its paracrine molecule, interleukin (IL)-17. However, the present-day targeted approaches exhibit drawbacks, such as high cost of production, rapid transformation, poor bioavailability, and importantly, causing opportunistic infections that ultimately hamper their clinical applications. To overcome this hurdle, the potential use of exosomes as vectors seem to be a promising approach for Th17 cell-targeted therapies. With this standpoint, this review discusses this new concept by providing a snapshot of exosome biogenesis, summarizes the current clinical trials of exosomes in several diseases, analyzes the prospect of exosomes as an established drug carrier and delineates the present challenges, with an emphasis on their practical applications in targeting Th17 cells in diseases. We further decode the possible future scope of exosome bioengineering for targeted drug delivery against Th17 cells and its catastrophe.
Exploring Purification Methods of Exosomes from Different Biological Samples
Abstract
Objective. Exosomes were extracted from a variety of biological samples using several different purification processes, and our goal was to determine which method and sample were the most effective for exosome extraction. Methods. We used ExoQuick-TC combined with ultrafiltration to separate and purify exosomes from the supernatant of gastric cancer cells, while we used the ExoQuick kit and ultracentrifugation to purify exosomes from human serum samples. Furthermore, exosomes were isolated and purified from human urine samples by diafiltration and from postparturition human breast milk samples by the filtration-polyethylene glycol precipitation method. The isolated exosomes were morphologically analyzed using a transmission electron microscope, the particle size was measured by NanoSight, and the protein content was analyzed by western blotting. Results. The isolated exosomes showed an obvious cup holder shape, with a clear outline and typical exosome morphological characteristics. The sizes of exosomes derived from gastric cancer cell supernatant, serum, urine, and milk were nm, nm, nm, and nm, respectively. Western blot results showed that CD9 and TSG101 on the exosomes were expressed to varying degrees based on the exosome source. Exosome abundance was higher in the serum, urine, and breast milk than in the supernatant. It is suggested that its exosomes can be extracted to obtain an excellent potential biological source of exosomes. Conclusion. In this study, the extraction and separation methods of foreign bodies from different biological samples were obtained, and it was found that human breast milk was a potential excellent material for administration because of its high abundance.
Unlock The Therapeutic Power Of Exosomes Through Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis Technologies
Intro
The newest member of bioactive vesicles, exosomes are identified with an outstanding ability to promote communication between cells. Exosomes are derived from the late endosomes and released into the extracellular environment through multivesicular body exocytosis. The property of exosomes that they can be internalized by recipient cells through endocytosis where the release of exosomal contents can trigger a variety of responses in the target cells has made them a groundbreaking research object, especially in the aspect of cancer and infectious diseases.
Therapeutic Values of Exosomes in Cosmetics, Skin Care, Tissue Regeneration, and Dermatological Diseases
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular nanovesicles that are released by cells, and their potential has been explored for use in cosmetics, skin care, tissue regeneration, and dermatological diseases. The therapeutic value of exosomes lies in their ability to modulate the microenvironment of cells, regulate gene expression, and induce cell differentiation, which can have a positive impact on skin health. In terms of cosmetics, exosomes have been used to reduce wrinkles, improve skin texture and hydration, and enhance skin elasticity, as well as to reduce inflammation and damage caused by UV radiation. Furthermore, exosomes have been used to promote tissue regeneration in skin wounds and to treat dermatological diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, systemic sclerosis, pigment regulation, vitiligo, and hair growth. In this review, the therapeutic value of exosomes in the field of cosmetics, skin care, tissue regeneration, and dermatological diseases, has been elaborated. The existing literature demonstrated that with further research, exosomes may become a viable therapeutic option for many skin conditions.